Leadership Styles, Skills and Ethical Management Behavior of Administrators in Government Higher Education Institutions
Keywords:
leadership styles, leadership skills, ethical management behavior, transformational leadership, intellectual stimulation, self-motivation, teamworkAbstract
This study examined the leadership styles, skills and extent of ethical management behavior of administrators among government higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Eastern Visayas Region, Philippines. It employed descriptive and correlational research designs. The respondents comprised the school administrators of the main campus of government HEIs under review. Complete enumeration for school administrator respondents was implemented in the study. Standardized questionnaires from previous researches were adopted. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were carried out to assess if significant relationships existed among the studied variables. Findings revealed that curriculum and staff development were very satisfactorily implemented as confirmed by the HEIs administrators. The school administrators often practiced transformational leadership, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation. However, they only sometimes practiced work ethics while often practicing self-motivation and teamwork. Respondents’ gender was statistically associated with ethical management behavior, age and ethical management were significantly correlated with teamwork. Nomothetic or democratic leadership style was significantly associated with self-motivation, teamwork and professionalism. Classroom supervision and intellectual stimulation, professionalism and idealized influence were significantly related to teamwork. The school administrators practice nomothetic or democratic leadership style, they are very satisfactory in the implementation of instructional leadership skills in their jobs. They are transformational leaders and often practiced ethical management behavior in their jobs. The more the school administrator practice leadership styles the more they practice ethical management behavior. The higher are the instructional and transformational leadership skills possessed by school administrators the more they practice ethical management behavior. There is a need for school administrators to attend in-service trainings or workshops to increase, if not sustain, their ethical management behavior. A validation study may be conducted to adequately assess other leadership styles, skills and ethical management behavior of school administrators involving variables not covered in this study.
References
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Abocejo, F. T. (2015). The veracity of vote buying: Perspective of the Philippine electoral system. International Journal on Graft and Corruption Research. 2(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.7719/ ijgc.v2i1.301
Abocejo, F. T. (2017). The impact of international monetary fund (IMF) structural adjustment program policies (SAPs) on the Philippines. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2(1), 19-28. Retrieved from https://rmrj.usjr.edu.ph/index.php/RMRJ/article/ view/48
Aguda, J. R. (2003). The relationship of the management style to teachers’ morale and performance in the division of city schools of Caloocan. (PhD Dissertation, Gregorio Araneta University Foundation, Philippines)
Anderson, M. (2017). Transformational leadership in education: A review of existing literature. International Social Science Review, 93(1), 1-13. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons. northgeorgia.edu/issr/vol93/iss1/4
Articulo, R. G., & Forendo. F. (2013). Strategies for effective school management. Retrieved from http://www.prel.org./products/copying-teacher.stress.htm.
Ballenger, C. (2006). The art of teaching. Retrieved from http://www.prel.org./products/copying-teacher.stress.htm.
Barlow, A. B. (2010). Management effectively, not that easy. The Modern Teacher, 67(5). Quezon City, Philippines
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Becker, D. (2006). Value formation and instilling good behavior. Retrieved from http://www.articlebiz.com/article/81626-1.
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Mihelic, K. K., Lipicnik, B., & Tekavcic, M. (2010). Ethical leadership. International Journal of Management & Information Systems, 14(5).
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Bush, T. (2016). School leadership and management in England: The paradox of simultaneous centralisation and decentralisation. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 1(1), 1-23. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1207739.pdf
Cañete, G. M. (2007). Leadership styles, school community relation, performance of school administrators and parental involvement in school community-based activities in Pastrana District. (Unpublished masters’ thesis, Leyte State College, Philippines)
Dalimpapas, G. P. (2011). Transformational leadership of elementary administrators and teacher performance in Arteche District, Eastern Samar. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Eastern Samar State University, Philippines)
Davis, S. H. (2002). What was I thinking. The school administrator web edition.
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Evans, K., & Lester, J. (2010). Classroom management and discipline: Responding to the needs of young adolescents. Middle School Journal, 41(3), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940 771.2010.11461724
Fernadez, R. B. (2005). Relationship between teachers’ performance and leadership styles of elementary school administrators. (Unpublished master’s thesis, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Fernandez, R. C. C., & Abocejo, F. T. (2014). Child labor, poverty and school attendance: Evidences from the Philippines by region. CNU Journal of Higher Education. 8(1), 114-127. Retrieved from http://www.jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/cnujhe/article/view/151
Ferrel, S. H., & Fraedrich, M. T. (2011). Ethical leadership in an organization. Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/wika/EEthical-leadership
Gannon, R. (2012). Workplace stress and attrition: A direct co-relation. Retrieved from http://www.acqyr.com/articles/stress/1021.php
Giva, C. M. (2007). The correlates of performance and problems of department heads of vocational schools in Leyte: Policy inputs. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Halpin, A. B. (2009). Theory and research in administration. New York: McMIllan Co., Inc.
Hardman, B. K. (2011). Teacher's perception of their principal's leadership style and the effects on student achievement in improving and non-improving schools. (PhD Dissertation, University of South Florida, USA). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=4921&context=etd
Jones, M., Adams, D., Hwee Joo, M. T., Muniandy, V., Perera, C. J., & Harris, A. (2015). Contemporary challenges and changes: principals' leadership practices in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 35(3), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2015. 1056591
Ignacio, T. (2009). Perceived morale and professional self-concept of teachers of St. Mathew Academy. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines)
Kast, F. S., & Roseweig, J. E. (2014). Organization and management: A systems approach. New York: McGraw Hill Comp.
Keeling, S. L. (2007). Organizational behavior, McGraw-Hill Inc, USA.
Kernaghan, K. (2000). The post-bureaucratic organization and public service values. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 66(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852300 661008
Kong, K. J. (2007). Leadership effectiveness in the administration of selected secondary schools in KOREA and the Philippines. (PhD Dissertation, Gregorio Araneta University Foundation. Philippines)
Lalosa, P. B. (2010). Personnel and human resource management. Manila: Rex Book Store and Publishing Company
Loo, R. (2003). Are women more ethical than men? Findings from three independent studies. Women in Management Review, 18(4), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420310 479372
Mangaliman, R. N. (2011). Leadership competencies and ethical management behavior of school administrators in the division of Leyte: Their relation to pupil’s performance in the national achievement test. (PhD Dissertation, Eastern Visayas State University, Philippines)
Martinez, V. B. (2008). Transformational Leadership Versus Transactional Leadership Style. The Modern Teacher, 59(3) Publishers Association of the Philippines,
Marthouret, E., & Sigvardsson, S. (2016). The effect of quick feedback on employee motivation and performance: A qualitative study on how to formulate effective feedback. (Bachelor’s Thesis, Linköping University). Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/ get/diva2:1034884/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Massie, A. (2009). Leadership, passion, and power: EI, resonance and renewal. 5th Annual Emotional Intelligence Conference, Netherlands.
Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0794-0
Medina, M. A. (2012). Leadership skills. Retrieved from http://managementelp.org./blogs/leadership/ 2010/04/21/leadership-theories
Mendels, P. (2012). The effective principal. Journal of Staff Development, 33(1), 54-58. Retrieved from http://glisi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/The-Effective-Principal_JSD.pdf
Gosling, J., & Mintzberg, H. (2003). The five minds of a manager. Harvard Business Review, 81(11), 54-63. Retrieved from http://student.bms.lk/CBM/Slides/35/AssignmentPrepara tion/CBM%20Assignment%20RM/Five%20minds%20of%20a%20Manager.pdf
Odiorne, G. S. (2005). Management by objectives: A system of managerial leadership. New York: Pitman Publishing, Inc.
Odivilas, H. A. (2012). Personal qualities work values and job performance of educational management graduates of ESSU Salcedo Campus: Input to students related learning experience model. (Unpublished Research, Eastern Samar State University, Philippines)
Odoh, P. A. (2011). Administrative office management strategies for the 21st century. New York: South-Western College Publishing.
Olson, S. D. (2013). Shaping an ethical workplace culture. USA: SHRM Foundation.
Owens, R. G. (2007). Organizational behavior in school. New York: Holt-Rinehart and Winston, Incorporated
Pabilada, R. C. (2008). Predictors of managerial performance and productivity of elementary school administrators: Policy options. (unpublished PhD Dissertation, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Pamatong, A. R. & Abocejo, F. T. (2017). Airbus and Boeing manufacturing performance, income and earnings per share: A Comparative Analysis. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://rmrj.usjr.edu.ph/index.php/RMRJ/article/ view/35
Thobega, M., & Miller, G. S. (2003). Relationship of instructional supervision with agriculture teachers job satisfaction and their intention to remain in the teaching profession. Journal of Agricultural Education, 44(4), 57-66. Retrieved from https://www.jae-online.org/ attachments/article/324/44-04-57.pdf
Poquiz, L. R. (2012). Emotional intelligence and self-efficacy of administrators in state universities and colleges in Region VIII. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Northwest Samar State University, Philippines)
Quirante, C. B. (2005). Relationship of leadership styles of elementary school administrators to the organizational performance of elementary schools in the Division of Eastern Samar. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Eastern Samar State University, Philippines)
Ramirez, L., & Beltran, E. (2004). Man, values and work ethics. Bulacan: Trinitas Publishing, Inc.
Razile, J., & Swanson, J. K. (2009). Key roles of responsibilities in ethics management. Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/topics.htm
Robbins, S. P. (2011). Essentials of organizational behavior, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Schools, S. (2008). Improving school leadership, Volume 2 Case Studies on System Leadership: OECD publishing.
Segumpan, R. R. (2002). Qualities of a good administrator. The Modern Teacher. 57(4). Quezon City, Philippines
Sleeny, H. (2010). A cross-cultural investigation of academic leaders’ emotional intelligence and leadership style. Retrieved from http://www.tamuk.edu/kwei000/Research/Disserta tions.htm
Starratt, L. D. (2010). Leadership orientation of secondary school principals in Pennsylvania. Retrieved from http://naesp.org/nprc/principalship.html.
Thomas, K. (2007). Nevada public school administrators’ professional development preferences and practices. Retrieved from http://naesp.org/nprc/principalship.html.
Thompson, F. L. (2008). Factors relevant to attainment of the mastery of the minimum learning competencies of grade 1 teachers. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of the Philippines)
Umacob, B. N. (1992). Leadership styles of public elementary school principals and teachers’ morale: The case of Region VIII. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Divine Word University of Tacloban, Philippines)
Uris, A. (1986). 101 of the greatest ideas in management. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Villorejo, R. V. (2010). Leadership styles of public elementary school administrators in relation to teacher morale in Northwestern Leyte, Leyte Division. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Abocejo, F. T., Pañares, Z. A., Dotillos, L. T., Diones, L.L., & Belciña, S. A. (2012). Microfinance program on cooperatives: Realities, benefits and women’s participation. CNU Journal of Higher Education. Special Issue on Poverty Alleviation. 6(1), 25-39. Retrieved from http://jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/ cnujhe/article/view/119
Abocejo, F. T., & Padua, R. N. (2010). An econometric model for determining sustainability of basic education development. CNU Journal of Higher Education. 4(1), 40-53. Retrieved from http://www.jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/cnujhe/article/view/39
Abocejo, F. T. (2015). The veracity of vote buying: Perspective of the Philippine electoral system. International Journal on Graft and Corruption Research. 2(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.7719/ ijgc.v2i1.301
Abocejo, F. T. (2017). The impact of international monetary fund (IMF) structural adjustment program policies (SAPs) on the Philippines. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2(1), 19-28. Retrieved from https://rmrj.usjr.edu.ph/index.php/RMRJ/article/ view/48
Aguda, J. R. (2003). The relationship of the management style to teachers’ morale and performance in the division of city schools of Caloocan. (PhD Dissertation, Gregorio Araneta University Foundation, Philippines)
Anderson, M. (2017). Transformational leadership in education: A review of existing literature. International Social Science Review, 93(1), 1-13. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons. northgeorgia.edu/issr/vol93/iss1/4
Articulo, R. G., & Forendo. F. (2013). Strategies for effective school management. Retrieved from http://www.prel.org./products/copying-teacher.stress.htm.
Ballenger, C. (2006). The art of teaching. Retrieved from http://www.prel.org./products/copying-teacher.stress.htm.
Barlow, A. B. (2010). Management effectively, not that easy. The Modern Teacher, 67(5). Quezon City, Philippines
Bass, B.M. (2011). Transformational leadership, industrial, military and educational input. Mahwah, New Jersey. Retrieved from http://www.org.pub.com.
Becker, D. (2006). Value formation and instilling good behavior. Retrieved from http://www.articlebiz.com/article/81626-1.
Bilbao, P. P., Corpuz, B. B., Llagas, A. T., & Salandanan G. G. (2012). The teaching profession 2nd ed. Quezon City: Adriana Printing Co., Inc. Retrieved from http://www.ijsrp.org/ research-paper-1018/ijsrp-p8258.pdf
Mihelic, K. K., Lipicnik, B., & Tekavcic, M. (2010). Ethical leadership. International Journal of Management & Information Systems, 14(5).
Burgoyne, J., Hirsh, W., & Williams, S. (2004). The development of management and leadership capability and its contribution to performance: The evidence, the prospects and the research need. London: Department for Education and Skills. Retrieved from https://dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_4710_0.pdf
Bush, T. (2016). School leadership and management in England: The paradox of simultaneous centralisation and decentralisation. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 1(1), 1-23. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1207739.pdf
Cañete, G. M. (2007). Leadership styles, school community relation, performance of school administrators and parental involvement in school community-based activities in Pastrana District. (Unpublished masters’ thesis, Leyte State College, Philippines)
Dalimpapas, G. P. (2011). Transformational leadership of elementary administrators and teacher performance in Arteche District, Eastern Samar. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Eastern Samar State University, Philippines)
Davis, S. H. (2002). What was I thinking. The school administrator web edition.
Day, C., & Sammons, P. (2014). Successful school leadership. Education Development Trust. Retrieved from https://www.educationdevelopmenttrust.com/EducationDevelopment Trust/files/a3/a359e571-7033-41c7-8fe7-9ba60730082e.pdf
De Bevoise, D. W. (2014). Classroom organization and management: Handbook of research in teaching. New York: McMillan Co. Inc.
Evans, K., & Lester, J. (2010). Classroom management and discipline: Responding to the needs of young adolescents. Middle School Journal, 41(3), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940 771.2010.11461724
Fernadez, R. B. (2005). Relationship between teachers’ performance and leadership styles of elementary school administrators. (Unpublished master’s thesis, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Fernandez, R. C. C., & Abocejo, F. T. (2014). Child labor, poverty and school attendance: Evidences from the Philippines by region. CNU Journal of Higher Education. 8(1), 114-127. Retrieved from http://www.jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/cnujhe/article/view/151
Ferrel, S. H., & Fraedrich, M. T. (2011). Ethical leadership in an organization. Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/wika/EEthical-leadership
Gannon, R. (2012). Workplace stress and attrition: A direct co-relation. Retrieved from http://www.acqyr.com/articles/stress/1021.php
Giva, C. M. (2007). The correlates of performance and problems of department heads of vocational schools in Leyte: Policy inputs. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Halpin, A. B. (2009). Theory and research in administration. New York: McMIllan Co., Inc.
Hardman, B. K. (2011). Teacher's perception of their principal's leadership style and the effects on student achievement in improving and non-improving schools. (PhD Dissertation, University of South Florida, USA). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=4921&context=etd
Jones, M., Adams, D., Hwee Joo, M. T., Muniandy, V., Perera, C. J., & Harris, A. (2015). Contemporary challenges and changes: principals' leadership practices in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 35(3), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2015. 1056591
Ignacio, T. (2009). Perceived morale and professional self-concept of teachers of St. Mathew Academy. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines)
Kast, F. S., & Roseweig, J. E. (2014). Organization and management: A systems approach. New York: McGraw Hill Comp.
Keeling, S. L. (2007). Organizational behavior, McGraw-Hill Inc, USA.
Kernaghan, K. (2000). The post-bureaucratic organization and public service values. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 66(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852300 661008
Kong, K. J. (2007). Leadership effectiveness in the administration of selected secondary schools in KOREA and the Philippines. (PhD Dissertation, Gregorio Araneta University Foundation. Philippines)
Lalosa, P. B. (2010). Personnel and human resource management. Manila: Rex Book Store and Publishing Company
Loo, R. (2003). Are women more ethical than men? Findings from three independent studies. Women in Management Review, 18(4), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420310 479372
Mangaliman, R. N. (2011). Leadership competencies and ethical management behavior of school administrators in the division of Leyte: Their relation to pupil’s performance in the national achievement test. (PhD Dissertation, Eastern Visayas State University, Philippines)
Martinez, V. B. (2008). Transformational Leadership Versus Transactional Leadership Style. The Modern Teacher, 59(3) Publishers Association of the Philippines,
Marthouret, E., & Sigvardsson, S. (2016). The effect of quick feedback on employee motivation and performance: A qualitative study on how to formulate effective feedback. (Bachelor’s Thesis, Linköping University). Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/ get/diva2:1034884/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Massie, A. (2009). Leadership, passion, and power: EI, resonance and renewal. 5th Annual Emotional Intelligence Conference, Netherlands.
Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0794-0
Medina, M. A. (2012). Leadership skills. Retrieved from http://managementelp.org./blogs/leadership/ 2010/04/21/leadership-theories
Mendels, P. (2012). The effective principal. Journal of Staff Development, 33(1), 54-58. Retrieved from http://glisi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/The-Effective-Principal_JSD.pdf
Gosling, J., & Mintzberg, H. (2003). The five minds of a manager. Harvard Business Review, 81(11), 54-63. Retrieved from http://student.bms.lk/CBM/Slides/35/AssignmentPrepara tion/CBM%20Assignment%20RM/Five%20minds%20of%20a%20Manager.pdf
Odiorne, G. S. (2005). Management by objectives: A system of managerial leadership. New York: Pitman Publishing, Inc.
Odivilas, H. A. (2012). Personal qualities work values and job performance of educational management graduates of ESSU Salcedo Campus: Input to students related learning experience model. (Unpublished Research, Eastern Samar State University, Philippines)
Odoh, P. A. (2011). Administrative office management strategies for the 21st century. New York: South-Western College Publishing.
Olson, S. D. (2013). Shaping an ethical workplace culture. USA: SHRM Foundation.
Owens, R. G. (2007). Organizational behavior in school. New York: Holt-Rinehart and Winston, Incorporated
Pabilada, R. C. (2008). Predictors of managerial performance and productivity of elementary school administrators: Policy options. (unpublished PhD Dissertation, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
Pamatong, A. R. & Abocejo, F. T. (2017). Airbus and Boeing manufacturing performance, income and earnings per share: A Comparative Analysis. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://rmrj.usjr.edu.ph/index.php/RMRJ/article/ view/35
Thobega, M., & Miller, G. S. (2003). Relationship of instructional supervision with agriculture teachers job satisfaction and their intention to remain in the teaching profession. Journal of Agricultural Education, 44(4), 57-66. Retrieved from https://www.jae-online.org/ attachments/article/324/44-04-57.pdf
Poquiz, L. R. (2012). Emotional intelligence and self-efficacy of administrators in state universities and colleges in Region VIII. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Northwest Samar State University, Philippines)
Quirante, C. B. (2005). Relationship of leadership styles of elementary school administrators to the organizational performance of elementary schools in the Division of Eastern Samar. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Eastern Samar State University, Philippines)
Ramirez, L., & Beltran, E. (2004). Man, values and work ethics. Bulacan: Trinitas Publishing, Inc.
Razile, J., & Swanson, J. K. (2009). Key roles of responsibilities in ethics management. Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/topics.htm
Robbins, S. P. (2011). Essentials of organizational behavior, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Schools, S. (2008). Improving school leadership, Volume 2 Case Studies on System Leadership: OECD publishing.
Segumpan, R. R. (2002). Qualities of a good administrator. The Modern Teacher. 57(4). Quezon City, Philippines
Sleeny, H. (2010). A cross-cultural investigation of academic leaders’ emotional intelligence and leadership style. Retrieved from http://www.tamuk.edu/kwei000/Research/Disserta tions.htm
Starratt, L. D. (2010). Leadership orientation of secondary school principals in Pennsylvania. Retrieved from http://naesp.org/nprc/principalship.html.
Thomas, K. (2007). Nevada public school administrators’ professional development preferences and practices. Retrieved from http://naesp.org/nprc/principalship.html.
Thompson, F. L. (2008). Factors relevant to attainment of the mastery of the minimum learning competencies of grade 1 teachers. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of the Philippines)
Umacob, B. N. (1992). Leadership styles of public elementary school principals and teachers’ morale: The case of Region VIII. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Divine Word University of Tacloban, Philippines)
Uris, A. (1986). 101 of the greatest ideas in management. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Villorejo, R. V. (2010). Leadership styles of public elementary school administrators in relation to teacher morale in Northwestern Leyte, Leyte Division. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Leyte Institute of Technology, Philippines)
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2018-06-01
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