Community based policing practices in preventing and countering violent extremism
Keywords:
Community based policing practices, violent extremism, community engagement, intelligence gathering, police presenceAbstract
This study assessed the implementation of the Community Based Policing Practices (CBPP) in preventing and countering violent extremism in a local government unit specifically in terms of Community Engagement, Intelligence Gathering and Police Presence. The stakeholder’s participation, challenges encountered in implementing CBPP were also determined. An increased number of undocumented migrant Muslims in Pajac village, Lapulapu City that have posed the community at risk for violent extremist groups that may lurk in the area. An increased number of subdivisions and housing areas also add up to the effect of high social mobility that increased the demand for safety and security in the village. The local government of Pajac village manifests initiatives in countering and preventing violent extremism however it was rarely observed by the stakeholders particularly to both non - Muslim and Muslim residents. Preemptive initiatives are limited to meetings and dialogues with the people’s organizations and other informal leaders. Stakeholder participation is also limited to, collaborative meetings with the same groups. There are preemptive activities conducted in the village however there were no responsive strategies that will address the risk or presence of violent extremists. It is hoped that a more collaborative participation across all stakeholders to address safety and security threats should be strengthened to promote a more responsive practice in countering violent extremism.
References
Abocejo, F. T. (2017). The impact of international monetary fund (IMF) structural adjustment program policies (SAPs) on the Philippines. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2(1), 19-28. Retrieved from https://rmrj.usjr.edu.ph/index.php/RMRJ/article/ view/48
Abocejo, F. T. (2015). Tourism competitiveness of Cebu in central Philippines: Status, challenges and sustainability. 91-112. Taiwan-Philippines Cultural Dialogue IV (Book form). College of Liberal Arts, Aletheia University, Taiwan. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301284089_Tourism_Competitiveness_of_Cebu_in_Central_Philippines_Status_Challenges_and_Sustainability
Abocejo, F. T., & Gubalane, F.K. (2013). Implementation of the human anti trafficking law in Cebu City, Central Philippines. International Forum. 16(1), 36-48. Retrieved from https://internationalforum.aiias.edu/images/vol16no01/article3-abocejo&gubalane.pdf
Abocejo, F. T., Pañares, Z. A., Dotillos, L. T., Diones, L.L., & Belciña, S. A. (2012). Microfinance program on cooperatives: Realities, benefits and women’s participation. CNU Journal of Higher Education. Special Issue on Poverty Alleviation. 6(1), 25-39. Retrieved from http://jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/cnujhe/article/view/119
Alvarez, I. C. C., Ong, M. B., Abocejo, F. T. (2017). Learning needs and quality care among family caregivers and elderly patients of Guadalupe, Cebu City, Central Philippines. European Scientific Journal. 13(24), 356-376, doi: 10.19044/esj.2017.v13n 24p356
Bayerl. (2017). Community policing – A European perspective: Strategies, best practices and guidelines. New York: Springer International Publishing.
Buire, C. (2011). ‘Bringing government closer to the people’? The daily experience of sub-councils in Cape Town. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(5), 465-478. doi: 10.1177/0021909611403705
Commonwealth Advisory Body on Sport and Commonwealth Secretariat. (2014). Strengthening sport for development and peace: National policies and strategies (eds.). The Commonwealth, United Kingdom. Retrieved from https://thecommonwealth.org/sites/ default/files/inline/Strengthening%2BSport%2Bfor%2BDevelopment%2Band%2BPeace%2BEB.pdf
Das, D. K. (2016). Policing Israel: Studying crime control, community policing and counterterrorism. USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Davis, K. P., Larson, E. V., Haldeman, Z. Oguz, M., & Rana, Y. (2012). Understanding and influencing public support for insurgency and terrorism. National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1122.pdf
Dela Serna, M.E., Ferrer, R. M. E., & Abocejo, F. T. (2017). Trafficking in persons in Cebu City, central Philippines. 2017 CEBU International Conference on Studies in Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (SASSH-17). 26-27 January 2017, Cebu, Philippines. doi: 10.17758/URUAE
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The new public service revisited. Public Administration Review, 75, 664-672. doi: 10.1111/puar.12347
Divinagracia, E. C. (2018). Urban terrorism: The siege if Marawi City. (Masters Thesis, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College). Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ AD1088958.pdf
Elworthy, S., & Rifkind, G. (2006). Making terrorism history. Rider, London
Evangelio, J. V., & Abocejo, F.T. (2015). Political dynasty as perceived by residents of selected villages in Badian, Cebu City, Philippines. Countryside Development Research Journal. 3(1), 86-95. Retrieved from http://www.ssu.edu.ph/sub domains/ojs/index.php/CDRJ/ article/view/49
Government of the Philippines. (1991). Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991. Retrieved from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/phi93246.pdf
Government of the Philippines. (1997). Republic Act 9372 or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007. Retrieved from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/03/06/republic-act-no-9372/
Grabosky, P. (2009). Community Policing and Peacekeeping. USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Gunaratna, R. (2013). Countering extremism: Building social resilience through community engagement. London: Imperial College Press.
Habulan, A., Taufiqurrohman, M., Bin Jani, M. H., Iftekharul, B., Zhi’An, F., & Yasin, N. A. M. (2018). Southeast Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, online extremism. Annual Threat Assessment. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(1), 7-30. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26349853.pdf?refreqid= excelsior%3A5e0304b0a433db58ccc8e3dd07060c8b
Kappeler, V. E., & Gaines, L. K. (2012). Community policing: A contemporary perspective. Routledge. USA: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.
Kirshner, A. S. (2012). A theory of militant democracy: The ethics of combatting political extremism. USA: IDS Infotech, Ltd., 2014.
Lawrence, T. B., & Shadnam, M. (2008). Institutional Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. Wiley Online Library. doi: 10.1002/9781405186407.wbieci035
Martin, G. (2010). Terrorism and homeland security. SAGE Publication Ltd.
Maslov, A. (2015). Measuring the performance of the police: The perspective of the public. Public Safety Canada. Research Report 2015–R034. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety .gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r034/2015-r034-en.pdf
National Research Council. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. National Academies Press.
O’Brien, M. (2010). Review of collaborative governance: Factors crucial to the internal workings of the collaborative process. Published by The Ministry for the Environment.
Reliefweb (2017). Understanding violent extremism: the key connections. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/understanding-violent-extremism-key-connections
Ruggie, J. G. (2014). Global Governance and “New Governance Theoryâ€.
Smith, J. J., Santos, R. B., & Santos, R. G. (2017). Evidence-based policing and the stratified integration of crime analysis in police agencies: National survey result. USA: Oxford University Press.
The Guardian. (2014). Australian Islamic preacher arrested in Philippines over alleged ISIS links. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/12/australian-islamic-preacher-arrested-in-philippines-over-alleged-support-of-isis
Torres, Jr, E. C. (2011). A success story of Philippine counterinsurgency: A study of Bohol. (Masters Thesis, Army Command and General Staff Colloege, Fort Leavenworth KS). Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a548898.pdf
United Nations. (2016). Plan of action to prevent violent extremism. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/plan_action.pdf
U.S. Marine Corps (2002). Preventing terrorism and countering violent extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism: A community-policing approach. Published by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Vienna. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/secretariat/111438?download=true
Vivar, P. C. A., Salvador, P. P., & Abocejo, F. T. (2015). Village-level solid waste management in Lahug, Cebu City, Philippines. Countryside Development Research Journal. 3(1), 96-108. Retrieved from http://www.ssu.edu.ph/subdomains/ojs/index.php/CDRJ/article/ download/50/42
Wilson, J. M. (2006). Community policing in America. Great Britain: Taylor & Francis Group.
Wisler and Onwudiwe, (2010). Community Policing: International Patterns and Comparative Perspectives (eds.). African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 4(1), 141-148. Retrieved from https://www.umes.edu/uploadedFiles/_WEBSITES/AJCJS/Content/ ejiogu%20vol4.pdf
Zamir, T. J., & Hasisi. (2014). Policing terrorism crime control and police-community relations: Learning from the Israeli experience. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Abocejo, F. T. (2015). Tourism competitiveness of Cebu in central Philippines: Status, challenges and sustainability. 91-112. Taiwan-Philippines Cultural Dialogue IV (Book form). College of Liberal Arts, Aletheia University, Taiwan. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301284089_Tourism_Competitiveness_of_Cebu_in_Central_Philippines_Status_Challenges_and_Sustainability
Abocejo, F. T., & Gubalane, F.K. (2013). Implementation of the human anti trafficking law in Cebu City, Central Philippines. International Forum. 16(1), 36-48. Retrieved from https://internationalforum.aiias.edu/images/vol16no01/article3-abocejo&gubalane.pdf
Abocejo, F. T., Pañares, Z. A., Dotillos, L. T., Diones, L.L., & Belciña, S. A. (2012). Microfinance program on cooperatives: Realities, benefits and women’s participation. CNU Journal of Higher Education. Special Issue on Poverty Alleviation. 6(1), 25-39. Retrieved from http://jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/cnujhe/article/view/119
Alvarez, I. C. C., Ong, M. B., Abocejo, F. T. (2017). Learning needs and quality care among family caregivers and elderly patients of Guadalupe, Cebu City, Central Philippines. European Scientific Journal. 13(24), 356-376, doi: 10.19044/esj.2017.v13n 24p356
Bayerl. (2017). Community policing – A European perspective: Strategies, best practices and guidelines. New York: Springer International Publishing.
Buire, C. (2011). ‘Bringing government closer to the people’? The daily experience of sub-councils in Cape Town. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(5), 465-478. doi: 10.1177/0021909611403705
Commonwealth Advisory Body on Sport and Commonwealth Secretariat. (2014). Strengthening sport for development and peace: National policies and strategies (eds.). The Commonwealth, United Kingdom. Retrieved from https://thecommonwealth.org/sites/ default/files/inline/Strengthening%2BSport%2Bfor%2BDevelopment%2Band%2BPeace%2BEB.pdf
Das, D. K. (2016). Policing Israel: Studying crime control, community policing and counterterrorism. USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Davis, K. P., Larson, E. V., Haldeman, Z. Oguz, M., & Rana, Y. (2012). Understanding and influencing public support for insurgency and terrorism. National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1122.pdf
Dela Serna, M.E., Ferrer, R. M. E., & Abocejo, F. T. (2017). Trafficking in persons in Cebu City, central Philippines. 2017 CEBU International Conference on Studies in Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (SASSH-17). 26-27 January 2017, Cebu, Philippines. doi: 10.17758/URUAE
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The new public service revisited. Public Administration Review, 75, 664-672. doi: 10.1111/puar.12347
Divinagracia, E. C. (2018). Urban terrorism: The siege if Marawi City. (Masters Thesis, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College). Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ AD1088958.pdf
Elworthy, S., & Rifkind, G. (2006). Making terrorism history. Rider, London
Evangelio, J. V., & Abocejo, F.T. (2015). Political dynasty as perceived by residents of selected villages in Badian, Cebu City, Philippines. Countryside Development Research Journal. 3(1), 86-95. Retrieved from http://www.ssu.edu.ph/sub domains/ojs/index.php/CDRJ/ article/view/49
Government of the Philippines. (1991). Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991. Retrieved from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/phi93246.pdf
Government of the Philippines. (1997). Republic Act 9372 or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007. Retrieved from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/03/06/republic-act-no-9372/
Grabosky, P. (2009). Community Policing and Peacekeeping. USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Gunaratna, R. (2013). Countering extremism: Building social resilience through community engagement. London: Imperial College Press.
Habulan, A., Taufiqurrohman, M., Bin Jani, M. H., Iftekharul, B., Zhi’An, F., & Yasin, N. A. M. (2018). Southeast Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, online extremism. Annual Threat Assessment. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(1), 7-30. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26349853.pdf?refreqid= excelsior%3A5e0304b0a433db58ccc8e3dd07060c8b
Kappeler, V. E., & Gaines, L. K. (2012). Community policing: A contemporary perspective. Routledge. USA: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.
Kirshner, A. S. (2012). A theory of militant democracy: The ethics of combatting political extremism. USA: IDS Infotech, Ltd., 2014.
Lawrence, T. B., & Shadnam, M. (2008). Institutional Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. Wiley Online Library. doi: 10.1002/9781405186407.wbieci035
Martin, G. (2010). Terrorism and homeland security. SAGE Publication Ltd.
Maslov, A. (2015). Measuring the performance of the police: The perspective of the public. Public Safety Canada. Research Report 2015–R034. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety .gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r034/2015-r034-en.pdf
National Research Council. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. National Academies Press.
O’Brien, M. (2010). Review of collaborative governance: Factors crucial to the internal workings of the collaborative process. Published by The Ministry for the Environment.
Reliefweb (2017). Understanding violent extremism: the key connections. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/understanding-violent-extremism-key-connections
Ruggie, J. G. (2014). Global Governance and “New Governance Theoryâ€.
Smith, J. J., Santos, R. B., & Santos, R. G. (2017). Evidence-based policing and the stratified integration of crime analysis in police agencies: National survey result. USA: Oxford University Press.
The Guardian. (2014). Australian Islamic preacher arrested in Philippines over alleged ISIS links. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/12/australian-islamic-preacher-arrested-in-philippines-over-alleged-support-of-isis
Torres, Jr, E. C. (2011). A success story of Philippine counterinsurgency: A study of Bohol. (Masters Thesis, Army Command and General Staff Colloege, Fort Leavenworth KS). Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a548898.pdf
United Nations. (2016). Plan of action to prevent violent extremism. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/plan_action.pdf
U.S. Marine Corps (2002). Preventing terrorism and countering violent extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism: A community-policing approach. Published by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Vienna. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/secretariat/111438?download=true
Vivar, P. C. A., Salvador, P. P., & Abocejo, F. T. (2015). Village-level solid waste management in Lahug, Cebu City, Philippines. Countryside Development Research Journal. 3(1), 96-108. Retrieved from http://www.ssu.edu.ph/subdomains/ojs/index.php/CDRJ/article/ download/50/42
Wilson, J. M. (2006). Community policing in America. Great Britain: Taylor & Francis Group.
Wisler and Onwudiwe, (2010). Community Policing: International Patterns and Comparative Perspectives (eds.). African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 4(1), 141-148. Retrieved from https://www.umes.edu/uploadedFiles/_WEBSITES/AJCJS/Content/ ejiogu%20vol4.pdf
Zamir, T. J., & Hasisi. (2014). Policing terrorism crime control and police-community relations: Learning from the Israeli experience. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Downloads
Published
2018-06-01
Issue
Section
Table of Contents
